A cell can be called a “stem cell” if it has the capacity to differentiate into multiple types of cells and is able to self-renew. The ability of a stem cell to generate daughter cells ,which can then terminally differentiate into specialized tissues such as bone, tendon, and cartilage makes them “pluri-potential”, and invaluable for medical therapeutic application.

Stem cells are of two basic types:

1. Embryonic stem cells which are found in the early developmental phase of an individual. They are derived from a 4-5 day old embryo. These cells are currently investigational only, for orthopedic application, and are not used currently for clinical orthopedic application.
2. Mesenchymal stem cells are found in adults. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are considered to be an orthobiologic substance. They can be isolated from a number of mesenchymal tissues like bone marrow, fat, synovial membrane, periosteum and others.
   • Bone Marrow Aspirate Concenetrate (BMAC)
   • Adipose Tissue
   • Amniotic Fluid Allograft